
Contra Errores Grecorum
Contra errores Graecorum, ad Urbanum IV Pontificem Maximum (Against the Errors of the Greeks, to Pope Urban IV) is a short treatise written in 1263 by Roman Catholic theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas as a contribution to Pope Urban’s efforts at reunion with the Eastern Church. This work engendered a whole series of responses and European bibliography is full of arguments praising the work - right until the 15th century. However, our great grandfathers of that period could have not possibly imagined that this treatise would relive and be used again many many times by all kinds of civilised European intellectuals in the 21st century. I would bet that very few Irish or Greeks or Germans or whatever today could discuss in detail what European scientism defined as the Greek Errors of the 13th century, in the context of the dramatic political and economic events that preceded or followed Aquinas’ work.
Very specifically, the western Europeans of that period defined the error as being the Hellenic insistence that life of beings must be governed by human truth. They saw this insistence as being in flagrant contradiction to their conception that life in societies must be governed by utilitarianism.
To specify, Europeans of that period, with Aquinas at the helm, thought that the concept of humanity should be governed by objectivised reality. That it was an error to believe that science should be subordinated to human behaviours and ways of doing things. That it was an error to think that humans should be superior to numbers.
The fundamental Greek error was, according to the Europeans, the belief that society was superior to the economy. That truth was superior to utilitarianism. That life should be given priority over productivity. And, as a result, that horrific translation of the Greek word
(that, in other words what is common to all) to societas-society (which in Greek translates as company or corporation).
I believe that the tremendous internal difficulties encountered by western societies, and the recurring tsunamis of the western corporative world, have their foundation in that type of Aquinas-like hierarchy established in the west. They may quote Aristotle in the philosophical discussions but have forgotten that one of the most interesting things the man ever said was that to always look for what is useful and necessary is not the task of free human beings. If one follows that position, we many come up with a type of human being that is perhaps poor but free instead of one with a high per capita income but for whom happiness is forever mortgaged and consumerism cannot promise and indeed compromises well-being.
Every version of totalitarianism, including that of the Germanic and Japanese versions of World War II, are built initially on this precise deconstruction of the Aristotelian cogito and finally crumbles under the same disease. To sacrifice fundamental human attributes, may, just may result in a temporary interlude of utilitarian consumerism (and pleasure?), but methinks is essentially doomed to internal decomposition. The tragic reality though is that irrespective of the duration of that interlude, it essentially destroys the human quest for truth - what differentiates us, basically, from the rest of the animal world.
Every aspect of truth is unique and is reflected by the workings of those who are and are seen to be knowledgeable and experienced human beings. And human beings are intrinsically free to adopt that truth - or not as the case may be. The quest for the ultimate truth, the existential trajectory of that search, is the world of science fiction, of the storytellers, of the movies and of TV…..and occasionally of the revolutionary gymnastics of certain societies in turmoil.
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If one examines some of the recent utterings of Germanic, and occasionally Anglo-Saxon treatises, related to the current errors grecorum, one cannot fail to discern a very specific instrumentalist rationalism at work. Vilifying so-called Greek laziness, it hides the pain and suffering of capitalist labour and the need for a fundamental productive engagement. Attacking the so-called Greek crookedness and deception there is, I believe, a definite rivalry and jealousy towards people who may have enjoyed consumer based pleasure without having sacrificed fundamental freedoms. And behind that incredible criticism of Hellenic hedonistic eroticism lies an unfulfilled quest of a real life full of pleasure.
The Greek version of truth, the truth of the way we are and live our lives, that was moved around the globe with Alexander, that of the Byzantium, that gave a certain depth to the western mode of thinking, that capacity to fight for the useful without, however, being prepared to sell our soul to Satan, that reality of our people, is what was termed an error five hundred years ago - and the same song continuing today. And the more it is attacked, the more it is sold in the slave markets of the west, the more western electronic machines move that attack around…..the less the Greek people take notice. Except, of course, a few cosmopolitan politicians and intellectuals, whose jobs and interests are intricately linked to the European elites. As one of the revolutionary leaders of 1821 used to say, you can’t change the content of the dough that makes the bread - however hard you try to change its shape before it goes into the oven.
Inhumanity has always seen humanism as major opponent. Humanism has always been accused of being an error…..headbangers some of us were called here in Ireland when we argued during the Ahern days that our economy had taken a disastrous direction. There are few people who still believe today that labour is freedom. The Protestant (and the Nazi) motto that labour holds the key to paradise does not work anymore. A sin is not when we don’t obey rules and regulations but when we lose sight of the truth. Freedom is not when we become slaves of consumerism and use that deodorant or go to Specsavers but the less submissive we are to our needs.
Women and men are not an abstract statistical unit, a Crusoe anti-social thing, but a person who is born and reflected in the eyes of the many. Love, or Eros in Greek, is much more than a wet exchange of pleasures, but letting the self go because of the needs of a loved one. And, finally, God is not a bad or good father ready to exact a price from us when we do wrong, but the best lover human beings ever had. Society, therefore, is much more than set of laws and regulations trying to keep anti-social beings in order, but an erotic give-and-take between social beings in love.
This is the type of society one meets today in some of the forgotten parts of the Greek countryside, in some islands where tourists have not yet managed to wreak havoc. This is the type of society that refused the gifts brought by the Persians and fought and defeated them. This is the society that said NO to Mussolini and fought and defeated the Italian fascists. This is the society that said NO to the Nazis and fought them to the bitter end…..
This is our way….this is our errores Graecorum. This is the society that German State TV channel advised to sell its islands to the Turks to get some money to pay its debts. Exactly as they told us 500 years ago. Greece’s import/export deficit with the EU is €22 billion annually. And the debts have accumulated not because the people are lazy but because of the corruption of the governing elites who learnt their trade and became more European than the Europeans themselves. Those who told us how lucky we were with the European Programmes and those who felt very cosmopolitan when Greece organised the best Olympic games and increased the national debt by 320%.
There are questions unanswered - we will return to them.
There are as my comrade Theo Dorgan says (1)
The nets we flee and find; and what finds us.
Home is where the heart grows,
and she has all my heart whom I scarcely hoped to know,
……where the small boats nose at the quay,
and lamb smokes on the spit at evening….What is my nation is not the same thing as what is my place.
Notes:
1. From Theo Dorgan’s beautiful poetry collection entitled ‘Greeks’
Published by Dedalus Press - 2010
Photo is of Benozzo Gozzoli’s The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas on Averroes.
Discussion
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Comment by: Christos Mouzeviris
Apr 5th 2010 at 13:04
Greeks are admired and hated by the rest of europeans. for obvious reasons..we are a thorn in their side.they admire and copy our civilisation,but we do not fit or conform with their version of it.. so many times they tried to make us “europeans”, what they forgett is that we already are..perhaps if they follow our example a bit they will find that life is nicer and easier our way, when it’s rid of all western/anglosaxon mind control propaganda and manipulation,greed and lust for power and money, wall street,banks,profit,invasion and colonisation or other nations, oil and war mongering. just a thought.
Comment by: Thomaé Kakouli-Duarte
Apr 6th 2010 at 01:04
I am very grateful for this in depth historical analysis by my good friend and co-worker Michael Youlton. I have learned things I did not know and this adds a more solid context in my understanding of the current crisis in Greece and Europe overall.
However, as much as I agree with what Michael and Christos write above, I still feel we the Greeks as a nation, at least currently, share also responsibility. We have allowed the tentacles of consumerism, the “trash” intertaintment, the pursue of instant gradification (and other associated pestilence) to invade our society; of course this is not a Greek phenomenon only. When we as people stop “buying” to this practices and mentality, this is when we become free to seek the truth. We, you and I, all of us, individually and collectively, shall change the world; it just needs hard work and determination. As one of our Nobelist poets, Odyseas Elitis, wrote: “a lot of work is needed for the sun to turn”. And as the very contemporary message of Easter tells us, after the Crucifixion comes the Resurrection!
Comment by: William Wall
Apr 6th 2010 at 08:04
I don’t know about Aquinas - I dozed through those lectures at college - but I like the shift in focus called for by this article. It focuses us on the central question for all citizens of Europe now - is the economy for the people or are the people for the economy. The answer of our masters (though never articulated of course) is that we are for the economy. Our purpose is to become ‘human capital’. In respect of the Irish situation I commend Fintan O’Toole’s article in today’s Irish Times. He ends with Joyce’s declaration Non Serviam. It’s time we all adopted it as our motto. We will not serve.
Comment by: Christos Mouzeviris
Apr 7th 2010 at 22:04
My dear Thomae, it takes strong will and brain power to break free from the brainwashing and brain damaging of decades of systematic “moronisation” of the public,by the media and our governments… and when i see that the majority of people do not even react to anything that they see that is happening in Europe, Greece and the world today, i despair….
my hope is that they will push us too hard,so people will start waking up….eventually…
take our country, Greece…why people can’t see that we are ruled by two or three families for decades? and their colaborators. how many people in Greece do you know that they are aware of their rights as EU citizents,and how much money has Greece received from EU..??where did all those money go?i suspect most of it lies dormant in some Swiss banks..because if the public ever finds out the riots that we see today will be nothing compared to what will follow..
Greece could have been one of the richest,we got educated,multilingual youth, excellent strategic location, climate,fertile land, and not only for growing plants,but underneath it as well…perhaps all those blessings are our curse as well,because who would want a rich powerful nation in the balkans, the future most strategic region in Europe?
I will agree with you that all of us Greeks have a share of responsibility,for our actions,but what do you do in a state that opposes or controls every efford by it’s people for personal development? red tape, taxation, corruption..only the colaborators of each government can have comfortable positions in the public sector…even the Church is a part of the mafia that rules us.
and here in our adopted country Ireland i see it’s youth intoxicated and poisoned with alcoohol, and cheap american and british reality rubbish…i find it weird that a nation that produced great writers and thinkers in the past,nowdays one of it’s major writers is the daughter of ex top political corrupt figure…go figure..!!
and the same thing is happening all over Europe and the developed world…i am sorry that i do not see any efford from the public to turn that sun around.ony in Greece people react but we get a bad reputation for it…i am not so optimistic anymore..
Comment by: Michael Youlton
Apr 8th 2010 at 10:04
Thanks for the friends who are commenting on my article. I found the interview I am attaching here extremely interesting. Let me know what you think
http://www.conspiracy-channel.gr/media/1762/Alex_Jones_Greek_subs_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82,_%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%99_12/
Comment by: Christos Mouzeviris
Apr 9th 2010 at 23:04
dear michael your article with that interview simply rocks…everyone should have a look at it both greeks and other european nations…greece as always,due it’s strategic location is the first to suffer from the games of big powers/blocks,alliances….like after the WW2, greece had to endure a bloody civil war, and it was dubbed by many of that time as the first test of the two superpowers of that era in the cold war….now greece once again is the laboratory mouse of financial games,and financial war that is unleashed upon the greek people,soon to all european people… times are dire…hope people will start waking up soon….