Cosmopolitan citizenship in the Middle East | openDemocracy
Cosmopolitan citizenship in the Middle East | openDemocracy
Superb piece by Sami Zubaida on Ottoman Cosmopolitanism and its sad decline.
'In the popular mind, international relations were conceived in communalist terms: European powers are Christian and in league with local Christians against Islam and Muslims. This communalist model, with umma nationalism at its core has been revived [...]




